Rosenthal version
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# 1.
Even the finest teaching is not the Tao itself. Even the finest name is insufficient to define it.
Without words, the Tao can be experienced, and without a name, it can be known.
To conduct one's life according to the Tao, is to conduct one's life without regrets; to realize that potential within oneself which is of benefit to all.
Though words or names are not required to live one's life this way, to describe it, words and names are used, that we might better clarify the way of which we speak, without confusing it with other ways in which an individual might choose to live.
Through knowledge, intellectual thought and words, the manifestations of the Tao are known, but without such intellectual intent we might experience the Tao itself.
Both knowledge and experience are real, but reality has many forms, which seem to cause complexity.
By using the means appropriate, we extend ourselves beyond the barriers of such complexity, and so experience the Tao.

# 2.
We cannot know the Tao itself, nor see its qualities direct, but only see by differentiation, that which it manifests.
Thus, that which is seen as beautiful is beautiful compared with that which is seen as lacking beauty; an action considered skilled is so considered in comparison with another, which seems unskilled.
That which a person knows he has is known to him by that which he does not have, and that which he considers difficult seems so because of that which he can do with ease.
One thing seems long by comparison with that which is, comparatively, short. One thing is high because another thing is low; only when sound ceases is quietness known, and that which leads is seen to lead only by being followed.
In comparison, the sage, in harmony with the Tao, needs no comparisons, and when he makes them, knows that comparisons are judgments, and just as relative to he who makes them, and to the situation, as they are to that on which the judgment has been made.
Through his experience, the sage becomes aware that all things change, and that he who seems to lead, might also, in another situation, follow.
So he does nothing; he neither leads nor follows.
That which he does is neither big nor small; without intent, it is neither difficult, nor done with ease.
His task completed, he then lets go of it; seeking no credit, he cannot be discredited.
Thus, his teaching lasts for ever, and he is held in high esteem.

# 3.
By retaining his humility, the talented person who is also wise, reduces rivalry.
The person who possesses many things, but does not boast of his possessions, reduces temptation, and reduces stealing.
Those who are jealous of the skills or things possessed by others, most easily themselves become possessed by envy.
Satisfied with his possessions, the sage eliminates the need to steal; at one with the Tao, he remains free of envy, and has no need of titles.
By being supple, he retains his energy.
He minimizes his desires, and does not train himself in guile, nor subtle words of praise.
By not contriving, he retains the harmony of his inner world, and so remains at peace within himself.
It is for reasons such as these, that an administration which is concerned with the welfare of those it serves, does not encourage status and titles to be sought, nor encourage rivalry.
Ensuring a sufficiency for all, helps in reducing discontent.
Administrators who are wise do not seek honours for themselves, nor act with guile towards the ones they serve.

# 4.
It is the nature of the Tao, that even though used continuously, it is replenished naturally, never being emptied, and never being over-filled, as is a goblet which spills its contents upon the ground.
The Tao therefore cannot be said to waste its charge, but constantly remains a source of nourishment for those who are not so full of self as to be unable to partake of it. When tempered beyond its natural state, the finest blade will lose its edge. Even the hardest tempered sword, against water, is of no avail, and will shatter if struck against a rock.
When untangled by a cutting edge, the cord in little pieces lies, and is of little use.
Just as the finest swordsmith tempers the finest blade with his experience, so the sage, with wisdom, tempers intellect.
With patience, tangled cord may be undone, and problems which seem insoluble, resolved.
With wise administrators, all can exist in unity, each with the other, because no man need feel that he exists, only as the shadow of his brilliant brother.
Through conduct not contrived for gain, awareness of the Tao may be maintained.
This is how its mysteries may be found.

# 5.
Nature acts without intent, so cannot be described as acting with benevolence, nor malevolence to any thing.
In this respect, the Tao is just the same, though in reality it should be said that nature follows the rule of Tao.
Therefore, even when he seems to act in manner kind or benevolent, the sage is not acting with such intent, for in conscious matters such as these, he is amoral and indifferent.
The sage retains tranquillity, and is not by speech or thought disturbed, and even less by action which is contrived.
His actions are spontaneous, as are his deeds towards his fellow men.
By this means he is empty of desire, and his energy is not drained from him.

# 6.
Like the sheltered, fertile valley, the meditative mind is still, yet retains its energy.
Since both energy and stillness, of themselves, do not have form, it is not through the senses that they may be found, nor understood by intellect alone, although, in nature, both abound.
In the meditative state, the mind ceases to differentiate between existences, and that which may or may not be.
It leaves them well alone, for they exist, not differentiated, but as one, within the meditative mind.

# 7.
When living by the Tao, awareness of self is not required, for in this way of life, the self exists, and is also non-existent, being conceived of, not as an existentiality, nor as non-existent.
The sage does not contrive to find his self, for he knows that all which may be found of it, is that which it manifests to sense and thought, which side by side with self itself, is nought.
It is by sheathing intellect's bright light that the sage remains at one with his own self, ceasing to be aware of it, by placing it behind.
Detached, he is unified with his external world, by being selfless he is fulfilled; thus his selfhood is assured.

# 8.
Great good is said to be like water, sustaining life with no conscious striving, flowing naturally, providing nourishment, found even in places which desiring man rejects.
In this way it is like the Tao itself.
Like water, the sage abides in a humble place; in meditation, without desire; in thoughtfulness, he is profound, and in his dealings, kind.
In speech, sincerity guides the man of Tao, and as a leader, he is just.
In management, competence is his aim, and he ensures the pacing is correct.
Because he does not act for his own ends, nor cause unnecessary conflict, he is held to be correct in his actions towards his fellow man.

# 9.
The cup is easier to hold when not filled to overflowing.
The blade is more effective if not tempered beyond its mettle.
Gold and jade are easier to protect if possessed in moderation.
He who seeks titles, invites his own downfall.
The sage works quietly, seeking neither praise nor fame; completing what he does with natural ease, and then retiring.
This is the way and nature of Tao.

# 10.
Maintaining unity is virtuous, for the inner world of thought is one with the external world of action and of things.
The sage avoids their separation, by breathing as the sleeping babe, and thus maintaining harmony.
He cleans the dark mirror of his mind, so that it reflects without intent.
He conducts himself without contriving, loving the people, and not interfering.
He cultivates without possessing, thus providing nourishment, he remains receptive to changing needs, and creates without desire.
By leading from behind, attending to that which must be done, he is said to have attained the mystic state.

# 11.
Though thirty spokes may form the wheel, it is the hole within the hub which gives the wheel utility.
It is not the clay the potter throws, which gives the pot its usefulness, but the space within the shape, from which the pot is made.
Without a door, the room cannot be entered, and without windows it is dark.
Such is the utility of non-existence.

# 12.
Through sight, the colours may be seen, but too much colour blinds us.
Apprehending the tones of sound, too much sound might make us deaf, and too much flavour deadens taste.
When hunting for sport, and chasing for pleasure, the mind easily becomes perplexed.
He who collects treasures for himself more easily becomes anxious.
The wise person fulfills his needs, rather than sensory temptations.

# 13.
The ordinary man seeks honour, not dishonour, cherishing success and abominating failure, loving life, whilst fearing death.
The sage does not recognize these things, so lives his life quite simply.
The ordinary man seeks to make himself the centre of his universe; the universe of the sage is at his centre.
He loves the world, and thus remains unmoved by things with which others are concerned.
He acts with humility, is neither moved nor moving, and can therefore be trusted in caring for all things.

# 14.
The Tao is abstract, and therefore has no form, it is neither bright in rising, nor dark in sinking, cannot be grasped, and makes no sound.
Without form or image, without existence, the form of the formless, is beyond defining, cannot be described, and is beyond our understanding.
It cannot be called by any name.
Standing before it, it has no beginning; even when followed, it has no end.
In the now, it exists; to the present apply it, follow it well, and reach its beginning.

# 15.
The sage of old was profound and wise; like a man at a ford, he took great care, alert, perceptive and aware.
Desiring nothing for himself, and having no desire for change for its own sake, his actions were difficult to understand.
Being watchful, he had no fear of danger; being responsive, he had no need of fear.
He was courteous like a visiting guest, and as yielding as the springtime ice.
Having no desires, he was untouched by craving.
Receptive and mysterious, his knowledge was unfathomable, causing others to think him hesitant.
Pure in heart, like uncut jade, he cleared the muddy water by leaving it alone.
By remaining calm and active, the need for renewing is reduced.

# 16.
It is only by means of being that non-being may be found.
When society changes from its natural state of flux, to that which seems like chaos, the inner world of the superior man remains uncluttered and at peace.
By remaining still, his self detached, he aids society in its return to the way of nature and of peace.
The value of his insight may be clearly seen when chaos ceases.
Being one with the Tao is to be at peace, and to be in conflict with it, leads to chaos and dysfunction.
When the consistency of the Tao is known, the mind is receptive to its states of change.
It is by being at one with the Tao, that the sage holds no prejudice against his fellow man.
If accepted as a leader of men, he is held in high esteem.
Throughout his life, both being and non-being, the Tao protects him.

# 17.
Man cannot comprehend the infinite; only knowing that the best exists, the second best is seen and praised, and the next, despised and feared.
The sage does not expect that others use his criteria as their own.
The existence of the leader who is wise is barely known to those he leads.
He acts without unnecessary speech, so that the people say, "It happened of its own accord".

# 18.
When the way of the Tao is forgotten, kindness and ethics need to be taught; men learn to pretend to be wise and good.
All too often in the lives of men, filial piety and devotion arise only after conflict and strife, just as loyal ministers all too often appear, when the people are suppressed.

# 19.
It is better merely to live one's life, realizing one's potential, rather than wishing for sanctification.
He who lives in filial piety and love has no need of ethical teaching.
When cunning and profit are renounced, stealing and fraud will disappear.
But ethics and kindness, and even wisdom, are insufficient in themselves.
Better by far to see the simplicity of raw silk's beauty and the uncarved block; to be one with oneself, and with one's brother.
It is better by far to be one with the Tao, developing selflessness, tempering desire, removing the wish, but being compassionate.

# 20.
The sage is often envied because others do not know that although he is nourished by the Tao, like them, he too is mortal.
He who seeks wisdom is well advised to give up academic ways, and put an end to striving.
Then he will learn that yes and no are distinguished only by distinction.
It is to the advantage of the sage that he does not fear what others fear, but it is to the advantage of others that they can enjoy the feast, or go walking, free of hindrance, through the terraced park in spring.
The sage drifts like a cloud, having no specific place.
Like a newborn babe before it smiles, he does not seek to communicate.
In the eyes of those who have more than they need, the sage has nothing, and is a fool, prizing only that which of the Tao is born.
The sage may seem to be perplexed, being neither bright nor clear, and to himself, sometimes he seems both dull and weak, confused and shy.
Like the ocean at night, he is serene and quiet, but as penetrating as the winter wind.

# 21.
The greatest virtue is to follow the Tao; how it achieves ! without contriving.
The essence of Tao is dark and mysterious, having, itself, no image or form.
Yet through its non-being, are found image and form.
The essence of Tao is deep and unfathomable, yet it may be known by not trying to know.

# 22.
Yield, and maintain integrity.
To bend is to be upright; to be empty is to be full.
Those who have little have much to gain, but those who have much may be confused by possessions.
The wise man embraces the all encompassing; he is unaware of himself, and so has brilliance; not defending himself, he gains distinction; not seeking fame, he receives recognition; not making false claims, he does not falter; and not being quarrelsome, is in conflict with no one.
This is why it was said by the sages of old, "Yield, and maintain integrity; be whole, and all things come to you".

# 23.
Nature's way is to say but little; high winds are made still with the turn of the tide, and rarely last all morning, nor heavy rain, all day.
Therefore, when talking, remember also to be silent and still.
He who follows the natural way is always one with the Tao.
He who is virtuous may experience virtue, whilst he who loses the natural way is easily lost himself.
He who is at one with the Tao is at one with nature, and virtue always exists for he who has virtue.
To accept the irrevocable is to let go of desire.
He who does not have trust in others should not himself be trusted.

# 24.
He who stretches beyond his natural reach, does not stand firmly upon the ground; just as he who travels at a speed beyond his means, cannot maintain his pace.
He who boasts is not enlightened, and he who is self-righteous does not gain respect from those who are meritous; thus, he gains nothing, and will fall into disrepute.
Since striving, boasting and self-righteousness, are all unnecessary traits, the sage considers them excesses, and has no need of them.

# 25.
The creative principle unifies the inner and external worlds.
It does not depend on time or space, is ever still and yet in motion; thereby it creates all things, and is therefore called 'the creative and the absolute'; its ebb and its flow extend to infinity.
We describe the Tao as being great; we describe the universe as great; nature too, we describe as great, and man himself is great.
Man's laws should follow natural laws, just as nature gives rise to physical laws, whilst following from universal law, which follows the Tao.

# 26.
The natural way is the way of the sage, serving as his dwelling, providing his centre deep within, whether in his home or journeying.
Even when he travels far, he is not separate from his own true nature.
Maintaining awareness of natural beauty, he still does not forget his purpose.
Although he may dwell in a grand estate, simplicity remains his guide, for he is full aware, that losing it, his roots as well would disappear.
So he is not restless, lest he loses the natural way.
Similarly, the people's leader is not flippant in his role, nor restless, for these could cause the loss of the roots of leadership.

# 27.
The sage follows the natural way, doing what is required of him.
Like an experienced tracker, he leaves no tracks; like a good speaker, his speech is fluent; He makes no error, so needs no tally; like a good door, which needs no lock, he is open when it is required of him, and closed at other times; like a good binding, he is secure, without the need of borders.
Knowing that virtue may grow from example, this is the way in which the sage teaches, abandoning no one who stops to listen.
Thus, from experience of the sage, all might learn, and so might gain.
There is mutual respect twixt teacher and pupil, for, without respect, there would be confusion.

# 28.
Whilst developing creativity, also cultivate receptivity.
Retain the mind like that of a child, which flows like running water.
When considering any thing, do not lose its opposite.
When thinking of the finite, do not forget infinity; Act with honour, but retain humility.
By acting according to the way of the Tao, set others an example.
By retaining the integrity of the inner and external worlds, true selfhood is maintained, and the inner world made fertile.

# 29.
The external world is fragile, and he who meddles with its natural way, risks causing damage to himself.
He who tries to grasp it, thereby loses it.
It is natural for things to change, sometimes being ahead, sometimes behind.
There are times when even breathing may be difficult, whereas its natural state is easy.
Sometimes one is strong, and sometimes weak, sometimes healthy, and sometimes sick, sometimes is first, and at other times behind.
The sage does not try to change the world by force, for he knows that force results in force.
He avoids extremes and excesses, and does not become complacent.

# 30.
When leading by the way of the Tao, abominate the use of force, for it causes resistance, and loss of strength, showing the Tao has not been followed well.
Achieve results but not through violence, for it is against the natural way, and damages both others' and one's own true self.
The harvest is destroyed in the wake of a great war, and weeds grow in the fields in the wake of the army.
The wise leader achieves results, but does not glory in them; is not proud of his victories, and does not boast of them.
He knows that boasting is not the natural way, and that he who goes against that way, will fail in his endeavours.

# 31.
Weapons of war are instruments of fear, and are abhorred by those who follow the Tao.
The leader who follows the natural way does not abide them.
The warrior king leans to his right, from whence there comes his generals' advice, but the peaceful king looks to his left, where sits his counsellor of peace.
When he looks to his left, it is a time of peace, and when to the right, a time for sorrow.
Weapons of war are instruments of fear, and are not favoured by the wise, who use them only when there is no choice, for peace and stillness are dear to their hearts, and victory causes them no rejoicing.
To rejoice in victory is to delight in killing; to delight in killing is to have no self-being.
The conduct of war is that of a funeral; when people are killed, it is a time of mourning.
This is why even victorious battle should be observed without rejoicing.

# 32.
The Tao is eternal, but does not have fame; like the uncarved block, its worth seems small, though its value to man is beyond all measure.
Were it definable, it could then be used to obviate conflict, and the need to teach the way of the Tao; all men would abide in the peace of the Tao; sweet dew would descend to nourish the earth.
When the Tao is divided, there is a need for names, for, like the block which is carved, its parts then are seen.
By stopping in time from torment and conflict, strife is defeated, and danger averted.
The people then seek the wisdom of Tao, just as all rivers flow to the great sea.

# 33.
Knowledge frequently results from knowing others, but the man who is awakened, has seen the uncarved block.
Others might be mastered by force, but to master one's self requires the Tao.
He who has many material things, may be described as rich, but he who knows he has enough, and is at one with the Tao, might have enough of material things, and have self-being as well.
Will-power may bring perseverance; but to have tranquillity is to endure, being protected for all his days.
He whose ideas remain in the world, is present for all time.

# 34.
All things may act, without exclusion, according to the natural way, which fulfills its purpose silently, and with no claim.
Being an aspect of natural order, it is not the ruler of any thing, but remains the source of their nourishment.
It cannot be seen; it has no intention, but all natural things rely on its presence.
When all things return to it, it does not enslave them, so unmanifested, its greatness prevails.
Modelling himself upon the Tao, he who is wise, does not contrive, but is content with what he achieves.

# 35.
The wise man acts at one with the Tao, for he knows it is here that peace is found.
It is for this reason that he is sought.
Whilst guests enjoy good music and food, as these are supplied by a benevolent host, a description of Tao seems without form, for it cannot be heard and cannot be seen.
But when the music and food are all ended, the taste of the Tao still remains.

# 36.
It is the way of the Tao, that things which expand might also shrink; that he who is strong, will at some time be weak, that he who is raised will then be cast down, and that all men have a need to give, and also have a need to receive.
The biggest fish stay deep in the pond, and a country's best weapons should be kept locked away.
That which is soft and supple, may overcome the hard and strong.

# 37.
The way of nature is not contrived, yet nothing which is required is left undone.
Observing nature, the wise leader knows this, and replaces desire with dispassion, thus saving that energy, otherwise spent, which has not been wasted away.
The wise leader knows his actions must be without the use of forced energy.
He knows that more is still required, for he also knows that he must act without deliberate intent, of having no intention.
To act without contrived intent is to act without contriving, and is the way of nature, and so is the way of the Tao.

# 38.
A truly good man is unaware of the good deeds he performs.
Conversely, a foolish man must try continuously to be good.
A good man seems to do little or nought, yet he leaves nothing undone.
A foolish man must always strive, whilst leaving much undone.
The man who is truly wise and kind leaves nothing to be done, but he who only acts according to his nation's law leaves many things undone.
A disciplinarian wanting something done rolls up his sleeves, enforcing it with violence.
It may be that goodness still remains, even when the natural way is lost, and that kindness still exists when goodness is forgotten.
It may be that justice still remains when the people are no longer kind, and when this is lost, that ritual still remains.
However, ritual may be performed only as an act of faith, and may be the beginning of confusion, for even divination and the such are but the flowery trappings of the Tao, and are the beginning of great folly.
He who is truly great does not upon the surface dwell, but on what lies beneath.
It is said that the fruit is his concern, rather than the flower.
Each must decide what it might be he seeks, the flowery trapping, which comes to summer fullness first, or the fruit which is beneath.

# 39.
From the principle which is called the Tao, the sky, the earth, and creativity are one, the sky is clear, the earth is firm, and the spirit of the inner world is full.
When the ruler of the land is whole, the nation too is strong, alive and well, and the people have sufficient to meet their earthly needs.
When the daytime sky is dark and overcast like night, the nation and its people will surely suffer much.
The firmness of the dew filled earth gives it its life; the energy of the inner world prevents its becoming drained of strength; its fullness prevents it running dry.
The growth of all things prevents their dying.
The work of the leader should ensure the prosperity of the populace.
So it is said, "humility is the root of great nobility; the low forms a foundation for the great; and princes consider themselves to be of little worth".
Each depends on humility therefore; it is of no advantage to have too much success, so do not sound loudly like jade bells, nor clatter like stone chimes.

# 40.
The motion of nature is cyclic and returning.
Its way is to yield, for to yield is to become.
All things are born of being; being is born of non-being.

# 41.
On hearing of the Tao, the wise student's practice is with diligence; the average student attends to his practice when his memory reminds him so to do; and the foolish student laughs.
But we do well to remember that with no sudden laughter, there would be no natural way.
Thus it is said, "There are times when even brightness seems dim; when progress seems like regression; when the easy seems most difficult, and virtue seems empty, inadequate and frail; times when purity seems sullied; when even reality seems unreal, and when a square seems to have corners; when even great talent is of no avail, and the highest note cannot be heard; when the formed seems formless, and when the way of nature is out of sight".
Even in such times as these, the natural way still nourishes, that all things may be fulfilled.

# 42.
The Tao existed before its name, and from its name, the opposites evolved, giving rise to three divisions, and then to names abundant.
These things embrace receptively, achieving inner harmony, and by their unity create the inner world of man.
No man wishes to be seen as worthless in another's eyes, but the wise leader describes himself this way, for he knows that one may gain by losing, and lose by gaining, and that a violent man will not die a natural death.

# 43.
Only the soft overcomes the hard, by yielding, bringing it to peace.
Even where there is no space, that which has no substance enters in.
Through these things is shown the value of the natural way.
The wise man understands full well, that wordless teaching can take place, and that actions should occur without the wish for self-advancement.

# 44.
A contented man knows himself to be more precious even than fame, and so, obscure, remains.
He who is more attached to wealth than to himself, suffers more heavily from loss.
He who knows when to stop, might lose, but in safety stays.

# 45.
In retrospect, even those accomplishments which seemed perfect when accomplished, may seem imperfect and ill formed, but this does not mean that such accomplishments have outlived their usefulness.
That which once seemed full, may later empty seem, yet still be unexhausted.
That which once seemed straight may seem twisted when seen once more; intelligence can seem stupid, and eloquence seem awkward; movement may overcome the cold, and stillness, heat, but stillness in movement is the way of the Tao.

# 46.
When the way of nature is observed, all things serve their function; horses drawing carts, and pulling at the plough.
But when the natural way is not observed, horses are bred for battle and for war.
Desire and wanting cause discontent, whilst he who knows sufficiency more easily has what he requires.

# 47.
The Tao may be known and observed without the need of travel; the way of the heavens might be well seen without looking through a window.
The further one travels, the less one knows.
So, without looking, the sage sees all, and by working without self-advancing thought, he discovers the wholeness of the Tao.

# 48.
When pursuing knowledge, something new is acquired each day.
But when pursuing the way of the Tao, something is subtracted; less striving occurs, until there is no striving.
When effort is uncontrived, nothing is left undone; the way of nature rules by allowing things to take their course, not by contriving to change.

# 49.
The sage is not mindful for himself, but is receptive to others' needs.
Knowing that virtue requires great faith, he has that faith, and is good to all; irrespective of others' deeds, he treats them according to their needs.
He has humility and is shy, thus confusing other men.
They see him as they might a child, and sometimes listen to his words.

# 50.
In looking at the people, we might see that in the space twixt birth and death, one third follow life, and one third death, and those who merely pass from birth to death, are also one third of those we see.
He who lives by the way of the Tao, travels without fear of ferocious beasts, and will not be pierced in an affray, for he offers no resistance.
The universe is the centre of his world, so in the inner world of he who lives within the Tao, there is no place where death can enter in.

# 51.
All physical things arise from the principle which is absolute; the principle which is the natural way.
All living things are formed by being, and shaped by their environment, growing if nourished well by virtue; the being from non-being.
All natural things respect the Tao, giving honour to its virtue, although the Tao does not expect, nor look for honour or respect.
The virtue of the natural way is that all things are born of it; it nourishes and comforts them; develops, shelters and cares for them, protecting them from harm.
The Tao creates, not claiming credit, and guides without interfering.

# 52.
The virtue of Tao governs its natural way.
Thus, he who is at one with it, is one with everything which lives, having freedom from the fear of death.
Boasting, and hurrying hither and thither, destroy the enjoyment of a peace filled life.
Life is more fulfilled by far, for he who does not have desire, for he does not have desire, has no need of boasting.
Learn to see the insignificant and small, grow in wisdom and develop insight, that which is irrevocable, do not try to fight, and so be saved from harm.

# 53.
When temptation arises to leave the Tao, banish temptation, stay with the Tao.
When the court has adornments in profusion, the fields are full of weeds, and the granaries are bare.
It is not the way of nature to carry a sword, nor to over-adorn oneself, nor to have more than a sufficiency of fine food and drink.
He who has more possessions than he can use, deprives someone who could use them well.

# 54.
That which is firmly rooted, is not easily torn from the ground; just as that which is firmly grasped, does not slip easily from the hand.
The virtue of the Tao is real, if cultivated in oneself; when loved in the family, it abounds; when throughout the village, it will grow; and in the nation, be abundant.
When it is real universally, virtue is in all people.
All things are microcosms of the Tao; the world a microcosmic universe, the nation a microcosm of the world, the village a microcosmic nation; the family a village in microcosmic view, and the body a microcosm of one's own family; from single cell to galaxy.

# 55.
He who has virtue is like a newborn child, free from attack by those who dwell in the way of nature, the way of the Tao.
The bones of the newborn child are soft, his muscles supple, but his grip is firm; he is whole, though not knowing he was born of the creative and receptive way.
The way of nature is in the child, so even when he shouts all day, his throat does not grow hoarse or dry.
From constancy, there develops harmony, and from harmony, enlightenment.
It is unwise to rush from here to there.
To hold one's breath causes the body strain; exhaustion follows when too much energy is used, for this is not the natural way.
He who is in opposition to the Tao does not live his natural years.

# 56.
Those who know the natural way have no need of boasting, whilst those who know but little, may be heard most frequently; thus, the sage says little, if anything at all.
Not demanding stimuli, he tempers his sharpness well, reduces the complex to simplicity, hiding his brilliance, seemingly dull; he settles the dust, whilst in union with all natural things.
He who has attained enlightenment (without contriving so to do) is not concerned with making friends, nor with making enemies; with good or harm, with praise or blame.
Such detachment is the highest state of man.

# 57.
With natural justice, people must be ruled, and if war be waged, strategy and tactics used.
To master one's self, one must act without cunning.
The greater the number of laws and restrictions, the poorer the people who inhabit the land. The sharper the weapons of battle and war, the greater the troubles besetting the land.
The greater the cunning with which people are ruled, the stranger the things which occur in the land.
The harder the rules and regulations, the greater the number of those who will steal.
The sage therefore does not contrive, in order to bring about reform, but teaches the people peace of mind, in order that they might enjoy their lives.
Having no desires, all he does is natural.
Since he teaches self-sufficiency, the people who follow him return to a good, uncomplicated life.

# 58.
When the hand of the ruler is light, the people do not contrive, but when the country is severely ruled, the people grow in cunning.
The actions of the sage are sharp, but they are never cutting, they are pointed, though never piercing, they are straightforward, not contrived, and not without restraint, brilliant but not blinding.
This is the action of the sage, because he is aware that where happiness exists, there is also misery and strife; that where honesty may be found, there is occasion for dishonesty, and that men may be beguiled.
The sage knows that no-one can foretell just what the future holds.

# 59.
By acting with no thought of self-advancement, but with self-restraint, it is possible to lead, and genuinely care for others. This happens by acting virtuously, and leaving nothing to be done.
A foundation virtuous and firm, rooted in receptivity, is a prerequisite of good leadership, and for a life both long and strong.
He whose virtue knows no limit, is most fitting to lead.
His roots are deep, and his life protected by his meditative practice, as the bark protects the tree.

# 60.
To rule a country, one must act with care, as when frying the smallest fish.
If actions are approached, and carried out in the natural way, the power of evil is reduced, and so the ruler and the ruled are equally protected.
They will not contrive to harm each other, for the virtue of one refreshes the other.

# 61.
A great country remains receptive and still, as does a rich and fertile land.
The gentle overcomes the strong with stillness and receptivity.
By giving way to the other, one country may conquer another; a small country may submit to a large, and conquer it, though having no arms.
Those who conquer must be willing to yield; to yield may be to overcome.
A fertile nation may require a greater population, to use its resources to the full, whilst the country without such natural wealth may require them to meet its people's needs.
By acting in unity, each may achieve that which it requires.

# 62.
The source of all things is in the Tao.
It is a treasure for the good, and a refuge for all in need.
Whilst praise can buy titles, good deeds gain respect.
No man should be abandoned because he has not found the Tao.
On auspicious occasions, when gifts are sent, rather than sending horses or jade, send the teaching of Tao.
When we first discover the natural way, we are happy to know that our misdeeds are in the past, where they belong, and so are happy to realize that we have found a treasure.

# 63.
Act without contriving; work naturally, and taste the tasteless; magnify the small; increase the few, and reward bitterness with care.
Seek the simple in the complex, and achieve greatness in small things.
It is the way of nature that even difficult things are done with ease, and great acts made up of smaller deeds.
The sage achieves greatness by small deeds multiplied.
Promises easily made are most easily broken, and acting with insufficient care causes subsequent trouble.
The sage confronts problems as they arise, so that they do not trouble him.

# 64.
If problems are accepted, and dealt with before they arise, they might even be prevented before confusion begins, In this way peace may be maintained.
The brittle is easily shattered, and the small is easily scattered.
Great trees grow from the smallest shoots; a terraced garden, from a pile of earth, and a journey of a thousand miles begins by taking the initial step.
He who contrives, defeats his purpose; and he who is grasping, loses.
The sage does not contrive to win, and therefore is not defeated; he is not grasping, so does not lose.
It is easy to fail when nearing completion, therefore, take care right to the end, not only in the beginning.
The sage seeks freedom from desire, not grasping at ideas.
He brings men back when they are lost, and helps them find the Tao.

# 65.
Knowing it is against the Tao to try to enforce learning, the early sages did not contrive to teach the way of the Tao.
There are two ways of government.
One is to be cunning, to act with guile, and to contrive to cheat the people.
When this way is used to rule, the people grow in cunning, and contrive to cheat the ruler.
The second way to govern the land, is to do so without contriving.
People so governed are truly blessed, for they are governed with virtue, and virtuous government is fair to all, thus leading to unity.

# 66.
The sea is the ruler of river and stream, because it rules from well beneath.
The teacher guides his students best, by allowing them to lead.
When the ruler is a sage, the people do not feel oppressed; they support the one who rules them well, and never tire of him.
He who is non-competitive invites no competition.

# 67.
Those who follow the natural way are different from others in three respects.
They have great mercy and economy, and the courage not to compete.
From mercy there comes courage; from economy, generosity; and from humility, willingness to lead from behind.
It is the way of sickness to shun the merciful, and to acclaim only heroic deeds, to abandon economy, and to be selfish.
They are sick, who are not humble, but try always to be first.
Only he who is compassionate can show true bravery, and in defending, show great strength.
Compassion is the means by which mankind may be guarded and saved, for heaven arms with compassion, those whom it would not see destroyed.

# 68.
An effective warrior acts not from nihilistic anger, nor from desire to kill.
He who wins should not be vengeful.
An employer should have humility.
If we wish for peace and unity, our dealings with our fellow man must be without desire for self-advantage, and carried out without contention.

# 69.
Arguments may be won by waiting, rather than making an aggressive move; by withdrawing rather than advancing.
By moving without appearing to move, by not making a show of strength, but by conserving it well; by capturing without attacking, by being armed, but with no weapons, great battles may be won.
Do not underestimate those you enjoin in battle, for this can result in losing what is of greatest value.
When a battle is enjoined, by remembering this, the weaker may still win.

# 70.
Though the words of the sage are simple, and his actions easily performed, they are few among many, who can speak or act as a sage.
For the ordinary man it is difficult to know the way of a sage, perhaps because his words are from the distant past, and his actions naturally disposed.
Those who know the way of the sage are few and far between, but those who treat him with honesty, will be honoured by him and the Tao.
He knows he makes no fine display, and wears rough clothes, not finery.
It is not in his expectancy of men that they should understand his ways, for he carries his jade within his heart.

# 71.
To acknowledge one's ignorance shows strength of personality, but to ignore wisdom is a sign of weakness.
To be sick of sickness is a sign of good health, therefore the wise man grows sick of sickness, and sick of being sick of sickness, 'til he is sick no more.

# 72.
The sage retains a sense of awe, and of propriety.
He does not intrude into others' homes; does not harass them, nor interfere without request, unless they damage others.
So it is that they return to him.
'Though the sage knows himself he makes no show of it; he has self-respect, but is not arrogant, for he develops the ability to let go of that which he no longer needs.

# 73.
A brave man who is passionate will either kill or be killed, but a man who is both brave and still might preserve his own and others' lives.
No one can say with certainty, why it is better to preserve a life.
The virtuous way is a way to act without contriving effort, yet, without contriving it overcomes.
It seldom speaks, and never asks, but is answered without a question.
It is supplied with all its needs and is constantly at ease because it follows its own plan which cannot be understood by man.
It casts its net both deep and wide, and 'though coarse meshed, it misses nothing in the tide.

# 74.
If the people are not afraid of death, they have no fear of threats of death.
If early death is common in the land, and if death is meted out as punishment, the people do not fear to break the law.
To be the executioner in such a land as this, is to be as an unskilled carpenter who cuts his hand when trying to cut wood.

# 75.
When taxes are too heavy, hunger lays the people low.
When those who govern interfere too much, the people become rebellious.
When those who govern demand too much of people's lives, death is taken lightly.
When the people are starving in the land, life is of little value, and so is more easily sacrificed by them in overthrowing government.

# 76.
Man is born gentle and supple.
At death, his body is brittle and hard.
Living plants are tender, and filled with life-giving sap, but at their death they are withered and dry.
The stiff, the hard, and brittle are harbingers of death, and gentleness and yielding are the signs of that which lives.
The warrior who is inflexible condemns himself to death, and the tree is easily broken, which ever refuses to yield.
Thus the hard and brittle will surely fall, and the soft and supple will overcome.

# 77.
The Tao is as supple as a bow; the high made lower, and the lowly raised.
It shortens the string which has been stretched, and lengthens that which has become too short.
It is the way of the Tao to take from those who have a surplus to what they need, providing for those without enough.
The way of the ordinary person, is not the way of the Tao, for such people take from those who are poor and give to those who are rich.
The sage knows that his possessions are none, therefore he gives to the world; without recognition, doing his work.
In this way he accomplishes that which is required of him; without dwelling upon it in any way, he gives of his wisdom without display.

# 78.
There is nothing more yielding than water, yet when acting on the solid and strong, its gentleness and fluidity have no equal in any thing.
The weak can overcome the strong, and the supple overcome the hard.
Although this is known far and wide, few put it into practice in their lives.
Although seemingly paradoxical, the person who takes upon himself, the people's humiliation, is fit to rule; and he is fit to lead, who takes the country's disasters upon himself.

# 79.
When covenants and bonds are drawn between the people of the land, that they might know their obligations, it is commonplace for many to fail to meet their dues.
The sage ensures his dues are met, 'though not expecting others to do the same; in this way he is virtuous.
He is without virtue of his own, who asks of others that they fulfill his obligations on his behalf.
The way of nature does not impose on matters such as these but stays with the good for ever, and acts as their reward.

# 80.
A small country may have many machines, but the people will have no use for them; they will have boats and carriages which they do not use; their armour and weapons are not displayed, for they are serious when regarding death.
They do not travel far from home, and make knots in ropes, rather than do much writing.
The food they eat is plain and good, and their clothes are simple; their homes are secure, without the need of bolts and bars, and they are happy in their ways.
'Though the cockerels and dogs of their neighbors can be heard not far away, the people of the villages grow old and die in peace.

# 81.
The truth is not always beautiful, nor beautiful words the truth.
Those who have virtue, have no need of argument for its own sake, for they know that argument is of no avail.
Those who have knowledge of the natural way do not train themselves in cunning, whilst those who use cunning to rule their lives, and the lives of others, are not knowledgeable of the Tao, nor of natural happiness.
The sage seeks not to have a store of things or knowledge, for he knows, the less of these he has, the more he has, and that the more he gives, the greater his abundance.
The way of the sage is pointed but does not harm.
The way of the sage is to work without cunning.